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http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/04/protecting-religious-liberty-in-the-state-marriage-debate
在國家婚姻法爭議聲中維護宗教自由
Ryan T. Anderson(http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/a/ryan-anderson)、Leslie Ford(http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/g/leslie-grimard

多年來,支持同性婚姻法陣營所提之主要理據之一,是所有美國人都應該有自由選擇所愛,隨喜好選擇生活方式,然而這種自由應否大到有權要求政府強制不好此道者都擁護同性戀?愈多案件顯明,重新定義婚姻與國家的性傾向政策已漸漸造成排斥局面,威脅那些依然相信婚姻只限一夫一妻、性愛只限於婚內的國民。

而這些國民,正面臨政府又一波的強制與歧視。國法按性傾向與性別身分給予部分人特權,也有人利用此法,踐踏言論自由、宗教自由等基本民權。

法例將性傾向與性別身分納入保障之列,與種族、性別、國族等相提並論。可惜此等性傾向與性別法嚴重失誤[1],往往無法保障美國人若干公民權,尤其是宗教自由。此等法例太過含糊,而且廣泛,定義不清,沒確切訂明戒罰,且判案亦流於主觀:愛達荷州如貝斯(Boise)等巿現在連「令人間接感到不被歡迎」的行徑都禁止[2]。

在新法例下,家庭式小生意-尤其攝影、烘焙、插花,及關乎婚禮服務的行業-紛紛惹官非,只因為東主不想違背宗教信仰而為同性婚禮服務。雖然美國人的確有權隨喜好過活,卻不應要求政府強迫他人擁護這種關係。

保障宗教及良知自由,並不妨礙他人的性愛自由。所有美國人都應該有此自由,使他們可以公開表明對婚姻的信仰,據而行之,而不憚政府懲罰。

關乎婚禮之侵犯宗教自由案

倚蓮攝影案(Elane Photography)

Elaine與丈夫Jon Huguenin的案件,應該是最著名的侵犯宗教自由案。

倚蓮攝影由夫婦倆經營,是小生意,在新墨西哥州阿布奎基巿(Albuquerque)。2006年,夫婦倆拒接一宗生意,是為同性伴侶委身典禮攝影,Elaine解釋:「因為同性伴侶委身典禮所帶出信息,與我信仰不符。」[3] 倚蓮攝影並沒有拒絕為同性戀顧客拍照,只是不想為同性婚禮攝影,因這婚禮有違他們信仰,二人相信婚姻應只限於一夫一妻(這符合新墨西哥法例)。而且巿內還有其他影樓樂意提供服務[4]。

2008年,新墨西哥州人權委員會裁定,Huguenin氏夫婦的影樓觸犯基於性傾向的歧視,只因他們不想將自己的藝術天賦與技巧用在這事上,不想傳遞同性伴侶典禮所蘊含的信息。結果人權委員會令二人償付6,637.92美元堂費[6]。是項裁決引用該州人權法,稱禁止在「公眾租賃場所」(「指任何向公眾提供服務…或貨品之機構),因種族、宗教、性取向,及其他受保障類別而歧視。

至2013年末,新墨西哥州最高法院維持人權委員會裁決,認為據該州性傾向與性別身分法例,美國憲法第一修訂案並不保障攝影師有自由拒絕為同性伴侶委身典禮拍照,即使此舉有違攝影師的宗教信仰。法官Richard C. Bosson更說,要求Huguenin夫婦放下宗教信仰,是維護「巿民身分的應有代價」。[6]

2013年11月8日,倚蓮攝影向美國終審法院提上訴,[7]至2014年4月7日,終審法院拒絕此案(Elane Photography v. Willock)上訴,但並未確認或否定州法庭之裁決。無論如何,終審庭拒絕覆檢此案,意味著新墨西哥州最高法院裁決依然成立,Huguenin夫婦的表達自由遭否定。

馬莉莎甜餅店案(Sweet Cakes by Melissa)

2013年初,俄勒崗州兩名女子請馬莉莎甜餅店為她們的同性伴侶委身典禮烘焙蛋糕。餅店兩位東主-Melissa及Aaron Klein夫婦-一直樂意服務各式顧客,卻不想接這宗生意,因為這等於認同同性伴侶關係,這有違二人信仰,他們相信婚姻只限於一夫一妻結合;看法亦同俄勒崗州婚姻法。[8]

沒多久,兩名女子即據俄勒崗平等法案2007投訴,該法案禁止性傾向歧視。該州勞工及就業局調查Klein氏夫婦時,官員Brad Avakian評論道:「我們的目的,是修正業務。希望犯法的東主從經驗學習,以後在本州生意做得更好。」[9]2014年1月,勞工及就業局裁定,Klein氏夫婦拒絕烘焙蛋糕,是違反該州性傾向歧視法。[10]

Melissa與Aaron Klein因為不想違反信仰,亦面對其他種種壓力。據報道,馬莉莎甜餅店不斷受威嚇、滋擾,有人在門外暴力抗議,接到恐嚇電話,同運分子亦發起杯葛。[11]Klein氏夫婦有五個小孩,據報家裡收到數以百計恐嚇電話及信件,甚至有人說要殺死他們全家。

Klein夫婦憂慮家庭安危,終於2013年9月決定結業,[12]之後仍得面對勞工委員會指他們歧視的裁決。案件已提交行政法官繼續審理。

大師餅店案(Masterpiece Cakeshop)

關乎結婚蛋糕的同類案件,也在科羅拉多州上演;該州於2006年據憲法定義婚姻限於一夫一妻結合。[13]涉案東主,名叫Jack Phillips[14]。

2012年一對同性伴侶在麻省取得結婚證書,回到科羅拉多老家辦酒席,欲請Phillips烘焙蛋糕。Phillips拒絕,他談及自己的信仰說:「我覺得不應涉足他們的婚禮,若是答應烘焙蛋糕,我就好像參與其中,有份慶祝這件事。」該對同性伴侶結果在另一餅店訂製一款彩虹蛋糕(反映製作蛋糕是慶祝同性婚禮)[15]。

後來美國民權自由聯會(ACLU)向州政府投訴大師餅店,指違反該州公眾場合法。行政法官Robert N. Spencer於2013年12月6日裁定餅店違法,指Philips是「基於性傾向」拒絕為二人提供服務,所以違法。[16]

Phillips不服指控,說樂意出售糕餅予兩位貴客,只是不想烘焙結婚蛋糕,這等於強迫他傳遞有違信念的信息,侵犯他按信仰做生意的自由。[17]

愛蓮花店案(Arlene's Flowers)

2013年3月1 日,Robert Ingersoll與Curt Freed光顧愛蓮花店及禮品店,二人是老顧客,他們請東主Barronelle Stutzman為其同性婚禮插花。之前一年,華盛頓已重新定義婚姻。Stutzman說,她因著「與耶穌基督的關係」無法接這工作,她相信婚姻必須是一夫一妻結合。[18]

其後華盛頓州檢察官Bob Ferguson控告Stutzman,指她違反該州性傾向法例。Ferguson要求法庭罰款二千美元,並頒令強制服務,使Stutzman違反良知,運用其藝術天分擁護同性伴侶關係。[19]案件正呈堂審理。

葛氏堂藝廊案(Görts Haus Gallery)

Betty與Dick Odgaard夫婦是虔誠門諾會信徒,居於愛荷華州,在一幢77年歷史的教堂內經營藝廊,提供午餐到會、花店、禮品、裱畫等服務,亦籌畫婚禮。二人為在該教堂結婚的夫婦籌畫婚禮,從插花、預備食物、布置到安排婚禮都一手包辦,並在婚禮當日親自監督所有細節[20]。

2013年,Odgaard夫婦拒絕一宗生意,是為同性結合典禮做籌備工作;二人說,「他們做藝廊生意,是想傳遞宗教信息,展明凡事活出信仰的重要」,但這宗生意有違此信念。[21]現在二人面臨愛荷華民權委員會起訴。[22]

「我們雇用同性戀者,服務這類同性戀顧客,也有要好的朋友是同性戀者」,Betty Odgaard說:「我們認為籌辦同性伴侶婚禮有違宗教信仰,我們知道有人不認同這看法,我們尊重他們,只求政府別強迫我們放棄信仰,令我們因信仰受罰。」[23]

Odgaard夫婦現正向愛荷華地區法院提訴訟,尋求宗教自由得保護。[24]

兒童監護機構遭刁難

除了涉及婚禮籌備的家庭式生意,服務兒童的監護機構亦遭刁難、受嚴重影響。[25]監護機構每年服務約共40萬兒童,近四分一等待領養。[25]

全美國有逾千間私營合法監護與領養機構,[27]不少由信仰團體辦理,是宗教與道德信念令這些團體志切服務社會上最無助的兒童。

然而在幾個州分,性傾向與性別身分歧視法,加上重新定義婚姻、或同性伴侶結合立法,正威脅私營監護領養機構的管理自由,而相關團體相信,孩子應該有父有母,且二人已婚。當局實不應強迫相關機構放棄信仰,是這種信念驅使他們照顧無助的家庭和小孩。

麻省波士頓明愛機構

百多年來,麻省波士頓明愛機構一直為兒童物色永久的家,安排兒童領養宗數較任何合法機構都多。[28]至2003年,因麻省終審法院一宗裁決,從此令該州承認同性結合等於婚姻。[29]是項決定,加上較早前該州訂立的性傾向政策,令所有合法監護機構也必須安排同性伴侶領養小孩。[30]

天主教一直教導,婚姻限於一夫一妻,孩子應該有父有母,且二人已婚,才最有利孩子成長;為免違反此教導,波士頓明愛機構被迫終止領養計畫。機構服務終止前20年內,曾幫助約720名兒童物色永久的家。[31]

首都華盛頓哥倫比亞區天主教明愛機構

2010年,哥倫比亞區通過法例,重新定義婚姻包括同性伴侶。[32]這次重訂婚姻法,加上該區之性傾向政策,迫令天主教明愛監護服務必須讓同性伴侶領養小孩。[33]

儘管華盛頓大主教要求維護機構的道德與宗教信仰,政府卻拒絕豁免。明愛機構在該區服務已80多年,一直由信仰主導方向,現為免違反信念,被迫將監護及領養計畫轉交其他機構。[34]

伊利洛州福音會兒童與家庭機構

福音會兒童與家庭機構多年來一直與州政府簽署合約,提供監護服務。至2011年,該州訂定新公民結合法,[35]加上早前訂立的性傾向政策,令私營機構必須容許不婚、同居伴侶,包括同性伴侶領養小孩,才能與州政府續約。

福音會機構深信,孩子應該由已婚父母照顧才最有益,州政府因此不再與之續約。[36]結果該會被迫將領養個案移交其他機構,關閉監護及領養部門。

排斥以信仰為本的監護及領養機構,代價甚大。因為這些機構所提供服務,都是實實在在、而且風格獨特。「我們物色領養機構主要條件之一,是宗教信念相同,」John Shultz說,他與妻子Tammy已透過福音會領養四名子女。要不是福音會幫助,「我想我們熬不過領養手續的折磨」,Tammy說。[37]

伊利洛州若干私營機構-包括許多天主教機構-連同福音會等信仰宗旨組織曾服務超過州內二千小孩,現在被迫將個案轉介其他機構。[39]

美國民權體制

美國政府制度的精神之一,是志切維護第一修訂案所賦與的自由-即所有公民皆自由,並在法律面前人人平等。政府應保障公民有自由尋求神與真理,按理念而敬拜,在公共生活上也能活出信念。同樣地,公民也可以按所秉持理念與人或其他組織締約。

政府應該一視同仁,讓操作者進行經濟活動時可以自由據理判斷與分辨-包括道德判斷。立法機關只應在重大公益的前提下(但以最低限度的介入或限制手段),方向宗教團體或信徒提出實際要求指令。並非所有花藝師都必須為各種典禮插花;並非所有攝影師都要捕捉新人初吻一刻。競爭巿場可以平衡公民各式價值,政府不應強迫所有攝影師及所有花藝師必須為各類婚禮服務。

基於道德及宗教理由作決定的東主,在巿場中自會付出代價,比如流失顧客,或是技術高的匠人不願效勞,但這是東主的選擇,仍是合法的。結社與合約自由是雙向的,讓公民有自由選擇與誰結社,自訂時間、條件,立約對象,雙方利益等等。政府若是出手干預,以強迫締結、或阻止締結,即是侵犯自由,必須提出能以服人之理據。美國人有自由隨喜過活,卻沒有誰應該要求政府強迫其他人擁護他們所選婚禮。

上述許多家庭式生意東主,都視行業為信仰生活一部分,因此,舉例說,當婚禮攝影師不僅是做生意提供服務,而是運用神所賜的天賦,描述某對夫婦的故事,展示二人關係。對他們而言,慶祝同性關係確認那個關係。難怪有宗教信徒不想政府強迫他們接生意。

政府不應在「是否替同性結合典禮烘餅或拍照」等事上判斷誰是誰非,馬莉莎甜餅店或倚蓮影樓也不必與眾人信念一致,他們有權按自己的價值觀做生意,而不憚遭政府起訴。

政府應尊重婚姻與宗教自由

有國民堅持婚姻限於一夫一妻結合,政府應予尊重。[40]儘管司法部已重新定義婚姻,若有個人或公司堅信婚姻限於一夫一妻,他們也應該有自由按其道德與宗教理念過活。[41]

總統奧巴馬於2012年談及相關問題時,也「進步」了一點,說明婚姻法之爭是法律問題,雙方陣營其實都是講道理的仁人君子。奧巴馬解釋,認為婚姻限於夫妻結合的陣營「出發點不為挑剔,卻因為他們在乎家庭」。他又說:「我也有不少朋友屬此派…大家明白,他們是我相當尊敬的人。」[42]

然而上述例子顯示,在愈多案件上,政府並不尊重所有美國人的信仰。[43]

在巿場上,能尊重所有人的宗教自由,這尤其重要。正如第一夫人米歇爾說,宗教信仰「不止上主日,聽一堂好聽的道或是好音樂,吃一頓可口的菜;卻在乎我們從星期一至六的言行。」[41]

在聯邦政府層面,議院可以保障宗教與良知自由,所訂定政策,應禁止政府歧視任何人或族群,不論牟利或非牟利組織,都應有權活出其婚姻觀,包括有公民認為婚姻限於一夫一妻,性愛限於婚內等等。政府不應以稅制、雇傭、牌照、委任或合約手段刁難個別群體或個人。

婚姻與宗教自由法案由Raul Labrador(R-ID)議員在眾議員提出(H.R. 3133),獲兩黨逾百人和議; [45] 在參議院則由Mike Lee(R-UT)議員提出,另17和議 [46] -法案將制止聯邦政府採取上述不良手段。保障宗教與良知自由,能營造多元公民氣氛;要做到和而不同、和平共處,寛容實是關鍵。

州政府也需要同樣政策保障,應從州立宗教自由恢復法案(RFRAs)做起,提供較廣泛保障。[47]此法例防止州政府對真誠的宗教信徒頒布實質要求指令,除非證明關乎州政府重大利益;政府就算介入,亦應以有限手段處理。

各州必須保障美國人、及國民所結社群之權利,包括牟利與非牟利組織,令人在公共領域也能活出信仰。然而從前述個案可見,宗教自由權與州政府法例衝突愈來愈多,因為州政府基於性傾向與性別身分而偏袒某些群體。[48]美國乃建基於宗教自由,政府實不應強迫任何公民、群體或企業擁護同性婚姻關係。

美國人也必須努力,要知道婚姻法實在反映關乎婚姻之真理。若是重新定義婚姻,則必然構成壓力,令人類社會對婚姻之普遍看法-即一夫一妻結合,方便生養,並保障家庭生活-勢力變成主觀偏見,被排擠至文化邊緣。若然如此,則對宗教徒所帶來惡果是顯而易見。

作者簡介:Ryan T. Anderson是《何謂婚姻?為一夫一妻辯護》(What Is Marriage? Man and Woman: A Defense)合著作者,美國傳統基金會宗教與公民社會德和中心席曼研究員(William E. Simon Fellow, Richard and Helen DeVos Center)。Leslie Ford是德和中心研究助理。

[1] Ryan T. Anderson, “ENDA Threatens Fundamental Civil Liberties,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2857, November 1, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/11/enda-threatens-fundamental-civil-liberties.
[2] Boise, Idaho, Public Anti-Discrimination Ordinance, § 6-2 (2012), http://cityclerk.cityofboise.org/media/261939/0602.pdf (accessed March 5, 2014).
[3] Ryan T. Anderson, “Same-Sex Marriage Trumps Religious Liberty in New Mexico,” The Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, August 22, 2013, http://blog.heritage.org/2013/08/22/same-sex-marriage-trumps-religious-liberty-in-new-mexico/
[4] Willock v. Elane Photography, Decision and Final Order before the Human Rights Commission of the State of New Mexico, HRD No. 06-12-20-0685, http://www.volokh.com/files/willockopinion.pdf (accessed March 4, 2014), p. 8.
[5] Ibid., p. 9
[6 ] Elane Photography v. Vanessa Willock, In the Supreme Court of the State of New Mexico, No. 33,687, August 22, 2013, http://www.adfmedia.org/files/ElanePhotoNMSCopinion.pdf (accessed March 4, 2014).
[7] Elane Photography v. Vanessa Willock, In the Supreme Court of the United States, Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the New Mexico Supreme Court, http://www.adfmedia.org/files/ElanePhotoCertPetition.pdf (accessed March 4, 2014).
[8] Leslie Ford, “Intolerance Burns Out Oregon Bakers,” The Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, September 5, 2013, http://blog.heritage.org/2013/09/05/intolerance-burns-out-oregon-bakers/.
[9] Maxime Bernstein, “Lesbian Couple Refused Wedding Cake Files State Discrimination Complaint,” Oregon Live, August 14, 2013, http://www.oregonlive.com/gresham/index.ssf/2013/08/lesbian_couple_refused_wedding.html (accessed March 4, 2014).
[10] Billy Hallowell, “‘We Still Stand by What We Believe’: Bakers Who Refused to Make a Gay Wedding Cake Doubled Down Despite Ruling They Violated Couple’s Civil Rights,” The Blaze, January 20, 2014, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2014/01/20/state-rules-oregon-bakery-that-refused-to-make-a-gay-wedding-cake-violated-lesbian-couples-civil-rights/ (accessed March 4, 2014).
[11] Billy Hallowell, “‘Bible-thumping … B**ch’: Bakers Who Refused to Make Gay Couple’s Wedding Cake Shut Down Their Shop Following Threats, Anger,” The Blaze, September 2, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/09/02/bible-thumping-bch-bakery-that-refused-to-make-gay-couples-wedding-cake-is-shutting-down-its-shop-following-threats-anger/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=story&utm_campaign=Share%20Buttons (accessed March 4, 2014).
[12] Todd Starnes, “Christian Bakery Closes After LGBT Threats, Protests,” Fox News, September 3, 2013, http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/09/03/todd-american-dispatch-christian-bakery-closes-after-lgbt-threats-protests/ (accessed March 4, 2014).
[13] Kevin Simpson, “Colorado Amendment 43: Gay Marriage Banned; Domestic Partnerships Also Defeated,” The Denver Post, November 9, 2006, http://www.denverpost.com/ci_4627249 (accessed March 4, 2014).
[14] Leslie Ford, “The Government Can Now Force You to Bake a Cake,” The Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, December 18, 2013, http://blog.heritage.org/2013/12/18/colorado-baker-faces-fines-religious-beliefs/.
[15] Kristen Anderson, “Baker Says He’d Rather Go to Jail After Judge Orders Him to Bake Cakes for Gay Weddings,” Life Site News, December 11, 2013, http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/baker-says-hed-rather-go-to-jail-after-judge-orders-him-to-bake-cakes-for-g (accessed March 4, 2014).
[16] Charlie Craig and David Mullins v. Masterpiece Cakeshop, State of Colorado Office of Administrative Courts, CR 2013-0008, December 6, 2013, https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/initial_decision_case_no._cr_2013-0008.pdf (accessed March 4, 2014)
[17] Anderson, “Baker Says He’d Rather Go to Jail After Judge Orders Him to Bake Cakes for Gay Weddings.”
[18] Andrew Walker, “Penalizing Religious Belief: No Bed of Roses,” The Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, April 17, 2013, http://blog.heritage.org/2013/04/17/penalizing-religious-belief-no-bed-of-roses/.
[19] State of Washington v. Arlene’s Flowers, Inc., State of Washington Benton County Superior Court, April 9, 2013, http://www.adfmedia.org/files/ArlenesFlowersAGcomplaint.pdf (accessed March 5, 2014)
[20] Betty Ann Odgaard and Richard Odgaard v. Iowa Civil Rights Commission, http://www.becketfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Odgaard-Complaint.pdf (accessed March 5, 2014).
[21] Ibid., p. 14
[22] Ibid.
[23] News release, “Iowa Agency Tries to Force Mennonite Couple to Host Controversial Religious Ceremony,” Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, October 8, 2013, http://www.becketfund.org/iowa-agency-tries-to-force-mennonite-couple-to-host-controversial-religious-ceremony/ (accessed March 4, 2014).
[24] Betty Ann Odgaard and Richard Odgaard v. Iowa Civil Rights Commission
[25] See Sarah Torre and Ryan T. Anderson, “Adoption, Foster Care, and Conscience Protection,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2869, January 15, 2014, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/01/adoption-foster-care-and-conscience-protection
[26] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, “Trends in Foster Care and Adoption: FY2002–FY2012,” p. 1, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/trends_fostercare_adoption2012.pdf (accessed March 4, 2014, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, “Preliminary FY 2012 Estimates as of November 2013,” The AFCARS Report, No. 20, p. 2, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/afcarsreport20.pdf (accessed March 4, 2014).
[27] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Child Welfare Information Gateway, “National Foster Care & Adoption Directory Search,” https://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad/ (accessed March 4, 2014).
[28] Matthew W. Clark, “The Gospel According to the State: An Analysis of Massachusetts Adoption Law and the Closing of Catholic Charities Adoption Services,” Suffolk University Law Review, Vol. XLI, No. 4 (2008), http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sufflr41&div=5&id=&page= (accessed March 4, 2014).
[29] Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health, 798 N.E.2d 941 (Mass. 2003), http://www2.law.columbia.edu/faculty_franke/Gay_Marriage/Goodridge%20Decision%20edited%20Fundamental%20Right.pdf (accessed March 5, 2014)
[30] Maggie Gallagher, “Banned in Boston: The Coming Conflict Between Same-Sex Marriage and Religious Liberty,” The Weekly Standard, Vol. 11, No. 33 (May 15, 2006), http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/191kgwgh.asp (accessed March 4, 2014)
[31] News release, “Catholic Charities of Boston to Discontinue Adoption Services,” Statement by Archbishop Sean O’Malley, Archdiocese of Boston, March 10, 2006, http://www.bostoncatholic.org/uploadedFiles/News_releases_2006_statement060310-1.pdf (accessed March 4, 2014).
[32] D.C. Code, § 46-401, http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/dccode/ (accessed March 4, 2014).
[33] Evangelical Child and Family Agency, 2012 Annual Report, p. 2, http://www.evancfa.org/downloads/ECFAAnnualReportFY2012.pdf (accessed February 10, 2014); Karla Dial, “Illinois Christian Foster Care Group Loses State Contract,” CitizenLink, September 14, 2011, http://www.citizenlink.com/2011/09/14/illinois-christian-foster-care-group-loses-state-contract/ (accessed February 10, 2014).
[34] United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, “Discrimination Against Catholic Adoption Services,” Fact Sheet, 2013, http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/religious-liberty/fortnight-for-freedom/upload/Catholic-Adoption-Services.pdf (accessed March 4, 2014).
[35] Illinois Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act, Illinois Compiled Statutes, 750 ILCS 75/.
[36] Evangelical Child and Family Agency, 2012 Annual Report, p. 2; Dial, “Illinois Christian Foster Care Group Loses State Contract”
[37] Marriage Anti-Defamation Alliance, “Schulz, Craigen, Montague,” December 15, 2011, http://marriageada.org/schulz-craigen-montague/ (accessed March 4, 2014).
[38] Sarah Torre, “Civil Union Law Forces Catholic Charities to Drop Adoption Service,” The Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, June 1, 2011, http://blog.heritage.org/2011/06/01/civil-union-law-forces-catholic-charities-to-drop-adoption-service/; Sarah Torre, “Charities Become Collateral Damage in the Debate Over Marriage,” The Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, July 14, 2011, http://blog.heritage.org/2011/07/14/charities-become-collateral-damage-in-the-debate-over-marriage/.
[39] Manya A. Brachear, “3 Dioceses Drop Foster Care Lawsuit,” The Chicago Tribune, November 15, 2011, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-11-15/news/ct-met-catholic-charities-foster-care-20111115_1_civil-unions-act-catholic-charities-religious-freedom-protection (accessed March 4, 2014)
[40] Sherif Girgis, Ryan T. Anderson, and Robert P. George, What Is Marriage? Man and Woman: A Defense (New York: Encounter Books, 2012).
[41] Ryan T. Anderson, “Marriage: What It Is, Why It Matters, and the Consequences of Redefining It,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2775, March 11, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/03/marriage-what-it-is-why-it-matters-and-the-consequences-of-redefining-it.
[42] “Transcript: Robin Roberts ABC News Interview with President Obama,” ABC News, May 9, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/transcript-robin-roberts-abc-news-interview-president-obama/story?id=16316043&singlePage=true#.UdCMN4zD_cs (accessed March 4, 2014).
[43] Anderson, “Marriage: What It Is, Why It Matters, and the Consequences of Redefining It.”
[44] Michelle Obama, “Remarks by the First Lady at the African Methodist Episcopal Church Conference Gaylord Opryland Resort, Nashville, Tennessee,” White House Press Office, June 28, 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/06/28/remarks-first-lady-african-methodist-episcopal-church-conference (accessed March 4, 2014).
[45] Marriage and Religious Freedom Act, H.R. 3133, 113th Cong. 1st Sess.
[46] Marriage and Religious Freedom Act, S. 1808, 113th Cong. 1st Sess.
[47] Tim Schultz, testimony on Kansas Religious Freedom Bill before the House Judiciary Committee of the Kansas State Legislature, February 18, 2013, http://nevadafamilies.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42:testimony-of-tim-schultz-on-kansas-religious-freedom-bill&catid=24&Itemid=139 (accessed March 4, 2014). See also Christopher C. Lund, “Religious Liberty After Gonzales: A Look at State RFRAs,” South Dakota Law Review, Vol. 55, No. 3 (2010), p. 466 (symposium), http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-292503675/religious-liberty-after-gonzales-a-look-at-state (accessed March 10, 2014).
[48] Anderson, “ENDA Threatens Fundamental Civil Liberties.”